Enigma
An interesting Veritasium video: source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsBZOcqZerk The most interesting thing to me was the explanation of how the "cribs" were used to help manually break the code. This starts at about 26:30 into the video. A "crib" would be some boilerplate text sent in a message each time like: WeatherReportBiscay (but of course in German). I'd read other books about Bletchley Park but none of them ever explained in detail how this clever technique was employed. Of course it was kind of hit and miss before the clock ran out on the messages. Since the Enigma machine never outputs the same letter that was input, the crib could be slid across the message until those same letter impossible alignments were eliminated. One thing I wondered was whether there was a lamp test ? Old school bulbs don't last forever ! I guess you'd know something was wrong if no bulb lit up but you wouldn't...